How to build measurable treatment goals? A taxonomy of outcome criteria for vocal intervention monitoring

Introduction: The complexity of the vocal phenomenon hinders the therapist's ability to quickly and effectively monitor the achievements obtained by the patient through vocal intervention. The assessment of therapeutic progress relies on the therapist's capability to utilize valid, reliable, and meaningful outcome criteria. Aim: Develop a conceptual framework of outcome criteria to be used in the treatment plans designed by speech-language pathologists for patients with vocal complaints. Methodology: Qualitative, conceptual, and model-type research in which a critical review is conducted through a non-probabilistic theoretical sampling of the theoretical models of therapy treatment plans, the outcome criteria involved and their relevance to voice intervention. Building upon this, a taxonomy of outcome criteria is proposed for verifying therapeutic progress in voice therapy. Results: A conceptual outcome criteria framework is proposed. This model incorporates quantitative, qualitative, and mixed criteria to monitor the diverse aspects of vocal function in the context of voice intervention. Conclusion: The model provides a precise guide to assess the results achieved by the patient in vocal intervention through treatment goals.

Introducción: La complejidad del fenómeno vocal dificulta que el/la terapeuta monitoree de manera rápida y eficaz los logros obtenidos por el/la usuario/a mediante la intervención fonoaudiológica. La evaluación del avance terapéutico depende de la habilidad del/la terapeuta para emplear criterios de medición válidos, confiables y significativos. Objetivo: Desarrollar un modelo teórico de criterios de logro para su consideración en la formulación de los objetivos operacionales en las planificaciones terapéuticas que emplean los profesionales fonoaudiólogos en la atención de usuarios/as que presentan queja vocal. Metodología: Investigación cualitativa, de tipo conceptual y modélica, en la que se lleva a cabo una revisión crítica de la literatura a través de un muestreo teórico no probabilístico de los modelos teóricos propuestos para la formulación y medición de objetivos en el contexto terapéutico y sus alcances respecto de la intervención vocal. A partir de ello, se propone una taxonomía de criterios de logro para la verificación del avance terapéutico. Resultados: Se propone una taxonomía organizada en torno a criterios de logro cuantitativos, cualitativos y mixtos, los que son propuestos para el monitoreo de diversos aspectos de la función vocal en el contexto de la intervención fonoaudiológica. Conclusión: El modelo proporciona una guía precisa para evaluar de manera efectiva el progreso y los resultados alcanzados por el/la usuario/a en el abordaje fonoaudiológico vocal a través de los objetivos operacionales planteados para la intervención.

Following the Inca's path to successful oral aging... no sacrifices, just nutrition

Inca civilization is a subject of great fascination due to its rapid development and successful oral aging centuries ago. Their diet was primarily plant-based, with lean animal protein, nuts, and seeds, and lacked fermentable sugars, preventing non-communicable diseases, such as caries and periodontal diseases. Developing national ageing policies and strategies to improve oral functionality and tackle economic barriers to a balanced diet, ensuring better nutrition and quality of life for older people are necessary to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with the World Health Organization estimating its necessity in meeting 12 of the 17 SDGs. Such policies would also honor our native ancestors.

La objetivación de la sexualidad juvenil: análisis crítico del discurso de la política transnacional

Dada la emergencia de políticas transnacionales que establecen diseños programáticos, metas y objetivos para guiar a los contextos locales en la construcción políticas nacionales orientadas a la disminución de las brechas sociales para fomentar el desarrollo económico, se hace necesario analizar cómo se construye discursivamente la sexualidad juvenil como un objeto a ser gestionado en el marco de las políticas transnacionales. Para ello se realizó un estudio cualitativo empleando un Análisis Crítico del Discurso de un corpus de documentos que establecen directrices y orientaciones técnicas para el desarrollo de una problematización e intervención sobre la sexualidad juvenil desde la educación chilena. Los resultados abordan la configuración de una superficie textual como continuo material por el cual transcurre un modo de acción; una dimensión discursiva que expone tres problematizaciones; a) bienestar para el fomento económico, b) población estratégica para le potencial humano y c) temática estratégica para le potencial humano; y finalmente, el anudamiento de dichos componentes en un dispositivo identificado como Educación Integral de la Sexualidad. Se discuten las implicancias políticas y sociales de la perspectiva desde la cual se establen lineamientos de focalización sobre la sexualidad juvenil, así como el establecimiento de políticas neoliberales que apelan a la capacitación temprana como una forma de gobierno de las poblaciones en base al desarrollo de habilidades, conocimientos y hábitos para una prevención individual de los riesgos contextuales como modelo para evitar barreras al desarrollo económico de los países.

Considering the emergence of transnational policies that establish programmatic designs, goals and objectives to guide local contexts in the construction of national policies aimed at reducing social gaps in order to promote economic development, it is necessary to analyze how youth sexuality is discursively constructed as an object to be managed within the framework of transnational policies. A qualitative study was carried out using a Critical Discourse Analysis of a corpus of documents that establish guidelines and technical orientations for the development of a problematization and intervention on youth sexuality from Chilean education. The results address the configuration of a textual surface as a material continuum through which a mode of action takes place; a discursive dimension that exposes three problematizations; a) welfare for economic development, b) strategic population for human potential and c) strategic thematic for human potential; and finally, the knotting of these components in a device identified as Comprehensive Sexuality Education. The political and social implications of the perspective from which focalization guidelines on youth sexuality are established are discussed, as well as the establishment of neoliberal policies that appeal to early training as a way of governing populations based on the development of skills, knowledge and habits for individual prevention of contextual risks as a model to avoid barriers to the economic development of countries.

Dado o surgimento de políticas transnacionais que estabelecem desenhos programáticos, metas e objetivos para orientar os contextos locais na construção de políticas nacionais destinadas a reduzir as brechas sociais a fim de promover o desenvolvimento econômico, é necessário analisar como a sexualidade juvenil é construída de forma discursiva como um objeto a ser administrado no âmbito das políticas transnacionais. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo qualitativo utilizando uma Análise do Discurso Crítico de um corpus de documentos que estabelecem diretrizes e orientações técnicas para o desenvolvimento de uma problematização e intervenção sobre a sexualidade juvenil na educação chilena. Os resultados abordam a configuração de uma superfície textual como um continuum material através do qual ocorre um modo de ação; uma dimensão discursiva que expõe três problemáticas; a) bem-estar para a promoção econômica, b) população estratégica para o potencial humano e c) temática estratégica para o potencial humano; e finalmente, o nó desses componentes em um dispositivo identificado como Educação Sexual Integral para a Sexualidade. São discutidas as implicações políticas e sociais da perspectiva a partir da qual são estabelecidas diretrizes de focalização da sexualidade juvenil, bem como o estabelecimento de políticas neoliberais que apelam ao treinamento precoce como forma de governar populações com base no desenvolvimento de habilidades, conhecimentos e hábitos para a prevenção individual de riscos contextuais como um modelo para evitar barreiras ao desenvolvimento econômico dos países.

Relación de las metas de logro parental con el apoyo a la autonomía y el control psicológico percibido por los adolescentes / Relationship of Parental achievement goals in support of autonomy and psychological control perceived by adolescents

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue identificar las metas de logro y prácticas parentales de apoyo a la autonomía y control psicológico, para determinar la relación entre estas medidas, según el nivel de estudios, el sexo de los progenitores y de los adolescentes de Cuenca, Ecuador. Para ello, se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, relacional de corte transversal con una muestra constituida por 713 madres (Meda d = 43, DT = 7), 543 padres (Medad = 46, DT = 8) y 1085 adolescentes (Medad = 16.1, DT = 1.1). Se aplicó el cuestionario Parental de Metas Orientadas al Logro, adaptado al español del instrumento Parental Achievement Goals AGQ y Autonomy Support Scale. La subteoría de contenido de metas de la teoría de la autodeterminación ha sido la base teórica para explicar que las metas de logro parental orientan el apoyo a la autonomía y el control psicológico. Se emplearon las pruebas .-Student, ANOVA, chi-Cuadrado de independencia para tablas de contingencia y el coeficiente de correlación . de Pearson para establecer la relación lineal de las variables de estudio. Los resultados revelan que las metas de logro dominio de la tarea y éxito en la tarea son predominantes, mientras que la evitación del fracaso en la tarea es baja. Por otro lado, la práctica de apoyo a la autonomía se percibe alta y significativamente mayor al control psicológico. Finalmente, se confirma la relación de las medidas parentales con el nivel de estudios y el sexo de los progenitores y de los adolescentes.

Abstract The importance of parental practices as one the most direct influences on the development of minors and adolescents has generated an increased relevance in recent decades of the study of parental expectations on the psychological adjustment of children. In this sense, the Goal Content Subtheory of Self-Determination Theory has been the theoretical basis to explain that the purpose of human behavior responds to an extrinsic or intrinsic motivation. That is why, extrinsic motivation guides parents towards parental goals: the success of the task and the avoidance of task failure and they adopt more parental control strategies with their progeny, while intrinsic motivation guides the mastery goals of the task which would explain parental support behaviors. The objective of the study was to identify the achievement goals and parenting practices, support for autonomy-psychological control, and to determine the relationship between these parenting measures, according to the sex and educational level of the parents from Cuenca, Ecuador. For this, a quantitative, relational, cross-sectional study was carried out with 713 mothers (Medad = 43, DT = 7), 543 fathers (Medad = 46, DT = 8) and 1 085 adolescents (Medad = 16.1, DT= 1.1). The participants were selected from within 18 educational institutions through a probabilistic sample calculated with a 95 % confidence level, and a 3 % margin of error. For data collection, the Parental Achievement-Oriented Goals questionnaire was applied, adapted to Spanish from the Parental Achievement Goals AGQ instrument; and Autonomy Support Scale. In the data analysis, the T-Student test, ANOVA, Chi-Square, test of independence for contingency tables and the Pearson r correlation coefficient, were used for the linear relationship of the study variables. The results reveal that the achievement goals: mastery of the task and success in the task predominate and the avoidance of failure in the task is low, in terms of the sex of the parents, the parents were oriented towards the mastery of the task while mothers toward goals focused on homework success. Likewise, parents with a low level of education orient themselves to success in the result of the task and the avoidance of failure in the task, while parents with a higher level of education orient their goals of parental achievement towards the mastery of the homework. The perception of support for autonomy is high and significantly upper than the psychological control of the parents, it was found that the manifestation of support "being aware of accepting and acknowledging the child's feelings" is the most valued statement in the mother in relation to the dad. On the other hand, adolescents perceive greater psychological control from mothers than from fathers, in the demonstrations "threatening to punish the child" and "induce guilt". Regarding the level of studies of the parents, the results indicate that the higher the level of studies, the greater the support for autonomy and when is lower the level of studies, there is greater psychological control. This research has confirmed the relationship between the level of education of the parents, the sex the adolescent and parents with the goals of parental achievement, support and psychological control; this shows that these characteristics affect parental practices. It is necessary for future research to attention on the educational level of the parents, as this is one of the most consistent family variables that can favor appropriate parental goals and practices for the psychosocial adjustment of the children.

Prioritizing tobacco control & its cessation under sustainable development goals with a focus on India

Sustainable development goals (SDGs) were meant to put each and everywhere ‘at par’. The tobacco epidemic globally is one major deterrent to their achievement. While it gets addressed under SDG 3 through the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) - the World Health Organization (WHO) global treaty (the target 3.a of SDG 3), the progress made globally and by India is slow. As a result, many countries may fall short of achieving the target of reducing tobacco usage (taking 2016 as base year) by 30 per cent by the year 2030. India with its high burden of tobacco use and abysmally low quitting along with soaring economic costs of tobacco related diseases and deaths can do better with the engagement of multisectoral stakeholders to strengthen tobacco control under SDGs. Moreover, there is a need to emphasize that the goal of O - Offer to Quit of WHO MPOWER can be achieved through increasing ‘onus’ on policy makers, and strategists, and opportunities for masses, tobacco users, healthcare professionals (HCPs) and enforcers to have tobacco cessation delivered optimally. By doing so, the United Nations can significantly facilitate a reduction in tobacco use and the resultant economic costs. Furthermore, it will assist the WHO to fulfil the targets set for 2030 under SDG 3.a by the FCTC member countries. In addition, it will fulfil the vision and mission defined in the Chandigarh declaration of the 5th National Conference on Tobacco or Health for India to be tobacco free by 2030.

Carga das Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis nos Países de Língua Portuguesa / The burden of Noncommunicable Diseases in Portuguese Language Countries

Resumo Foram analisadas tendências da mortalidade prematura por doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) entre 1990 e 2019, as projeções até 2030 e os fatores de risco atribuíveis a estas doenças na Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa (CPLP). Utilizou-se estimativas do estudo Carga Global de Doenças e análise da carga de mortalidade prematura por DCNT para nove países da CPLP, utilizando taxas padronizadas por idade, usando-se RStudio. Portugal, Brasil, Guiné Equatorial, Angola e Guiné Bissau apresentam taxas de mortalidade prematura por DCNT em declínio e; Timor Leste, Cabo Verde, São Tomé e Príncipe e Moçambique apresentaram aumento das taxas. As projeções indicam que nenhum dos países deverá atingir as metas de redução em um terço da mortalidade prematura por DCNT até 2030. A carga de doença atribuível mostrou que os fatores de riscos mais importantes em 2019 foram: pressão arterial sistólica elevada, tabaco, riscos dietéticos, índice de massa corporal elevado e poluição do ar. Conclui-se pelas profundas diferenças na carga de DCNT entre os países, com melhores resultados em Portugal e Brasil e que nenhum país do CPLP deverá atingir a meta de redução das DCNT até 2030.

Abstract The present study analyzed trends in premature mortality from Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) between 1990 and 2019, the projections up to 2030, and the risk factors (RFs) attributable to these diseases in the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP). Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study and the analysis of the burden of premature mortality due to NCDs were used for nine CPLP countries, applying age-standardized rates, using RStudio. Portugal, Brazil, Equatorial Guinea, Angola, and Guinea Bissau showed declining premature mortality rates caused by NCDs, while East Timor, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, and Mozambique showed an increase in rates. Projections indicate that none of the countries is expected to achieve the goals of reducing premature mortality due to NCDs by one third by 2030. The attributable burden of disease showed that the most important RFs in 2019 were: high systolic blood pressure (SBP), tobacco, dietary risks, high body mass index (BMI), and air pollution. It can therefore be concluded that there are profound differences in the burden of NCDs among the countries, with better results in Portugal and Brazil, and that no CPLP country is likely to reach the NCD reduction target by 2030.

Promoção, proteção e apoio à amamentação no trabalho e o alcance do desenvolvimento sustentável: uma revisão de escopo / Promotion, protection, and support of breastfeeding at work, and achieving sustainable development: a scoping review

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é mapear estratégias de promoção, proteção e apoio direcionadas às mulheres trabalhadoras que amamentam e o seu potencial impacto para alcançar os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS), em particular os ODS 5 (igualdade de gênero e empoderamento da mulher) e 8 (trabalho decente e crescimento econômico). Revisão de escopo baseada no referencial do JBI (Joanna Briggs Institute), cujas buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Social Science Research Network e Open Knowledge Repository. Obtiveram-se 576 publicações, destas, 33 foram incluídas no estudo. A síntese narrativa foi organizada em três eixos: 1) promoção; 2) proteção; e 3) apoio ao aleitamento materno no contexto do trabalho. As ações voltadas às mulheres que amamentam no trabalho têm potencial para atingir diretamente os ODS 5 e 8, e atingem indiretamente os ODS 1 e 10. O aumento das taxas de amamentação contribui para atingir outros quatro ODS (2,3,4,12). As ações voltadas às mulheres trabalhadoras que amamentam podem contribuir direta e indiretamente para o alcance de oito dos 17 ODS, devendo, portanto, ser incentivadas e reforçadas.

Abstract This article aims to map promotion, protection, and support strategies aimed at working women who breastfeed and their potential impact on achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in particular SDGs 5 (gender equality and women's empowerment) and 8 (decent work and economic growth). This study is a scoping review based on the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) framework, whose searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Social Science Research Network, and Open Knowledge Repository databases. This study's search obtained 576 publications, of which 33 were included in the study. The narrative synthesis was organized into three axes: 1) promotion; 2) protection, and 3) support for breastfeeding in the work context. Actions aimed at women who breastfeed at work have the potential to directly achieve SDGs 5 and 8, and indirectly achieve SDGs 1 and 10. Increased breastfeeding rates also help to achieve another four SDGs (2, 3, 4, 12). Actions aimed at working women who breastfeed can contribute directly and indirectly to the achievement of eight of the 17 SDGs, and should therefore be encouraged and reinforced.

How can public open spaces contribute to physical activity promotion? / Como os espaços públicos abertos podem contribuir para a promoção da atividade física?

Public open spaces (POSs) are means to ensure one's right to recreation and health. The objective of this essay is to present reflections and evidence on how these spaces contribute to promoting physi-cal activity (PA). Understanding how to access (proximity/distance), quantity and diversity, and the surrounding and internal conditions of places (quality, structure, aesthetics, safety) can affect the use of POSs is imperative for public management actions. Thinking of POS use beyond PA by recog-nizing its social, economic, and cultural benefits can be fundamental to reduce inequalities regarding access to these places. POS-related actions and demands are intersectoral, multiprofessional, and interdisciplinary, thus requiring political, academic, and community involvement and commitment for PA promotion

Espaços públicos abertos (EPA) são equipamentos que promovem o direito à recreação e à saúde. O objetivo deste ensaio é apresentar reflexões e evidências sobre como esses espaços contribuem para a promoção da atividade física (AF). Compreender como o acesso (proximidade/distância), a quantidade e diversidade, as condições do entorno e internas dos locais (qualidade, estrutura, estética, segurança), podem afetar o uso dos EPA é fundamental para ações da gestão pública. Pensar o uso do EPA para além da prática de AF, reconhecendo seus benefícios sociais, econômicos e culturais pode ser fundamental para diminuir as iniquidades de acesso a esses locais. Ações e demandas relacionadas aos EPA são intersetoriais, multiprofissionais e interdisciplinares, necessitando com isso envolvimento e comprometimento político, acadêmico e comunitário, a fim de promover AF

Perspectives of Teachers at Medical Colleges Across India regarding the Competency based Medical Education Curriculum – A Qualitative, Manual, Theoretical Thematic Content Analysis

Background: Competency-based medical education (CBME) curriculum has been implemented in India since 2019 with a goal to create an “Indian Medical Graduate” (IMG) possessing requisite knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, and responsiveness. Objectives: To explore teachers’ perceptions across India at medical colleges on the newly implemented competency-based medical education curriculum. Methods: This was a qualitative cross?sectional study conducted among teachers working at medical colleges across India, between February and April 2022 (n = 192). The data collection was done using Google forms online survey platform on teachers’ perception regarding CBME, its specific components, and perceived bottlenecks. We analyzed this qualitative data using manual, theoretical thematic content analysis following the steps endorsed in Braun and Clarke’s six-phase framework. Results: The majority of the teachers (64.1%) have positively responded to the CBME curriculum’s implementation. However, it came with a caution that the curriculum should continuously evolve and adapt to regional demands. The foundation course, early clinical exposure, and the family adoption program were the specific components of CBME curriculum over which the teachers raised concerns. The need for additional teachers in each department (department-specific teacher or faculty per hundred students ratio to be worked out) and the need for enabling faculty preparedness through adequate training was highlighted. Concerns were also raised regarding implementing CBME with teachers without a medical background (especially in preclinical departments). Conclusion: It is the need of the hour for the curriculum to incorporate a systematic feedback mechanism built into the system, though which such critical appraisals can be meaning collated and acted upon, to ultimately evolve, thereby creating an “Indian Medical Graduate” for the needs of todays’ society.

Conceptual understanding of Sustainable Health and Linking Nutrition to Sustainable Development Goals

Nutrition is a development indicator. It indicates advancement in health, education, employment, women’s empowerment, poverty, inequality reduction, and it can help in building peaceful, secure, and stable societies.” It is one of the important components which is directly or indirectly related to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Multiple factors such as education, economic status, occupation, water, sanitation, hygiene, etc are interlinked with nutrition. In this article, we have emphasized the relationship of various SDGs with nutrition. Global and multi-sectorial involvement is required in the battle with malnutrition. Adequately nourished people are more productive and active. By breaking the cycles of hunger and malnutrition, we can create a path for achieving SDGs.

Is there any Window of Opportunity to Tackle Geriatric Malnutrition?

India has seen an increase in its greying population in recent years. The elderly population has a lot to contribute to society, but various problems like malnutrition can hinder their activities. India has been taking various nutritional interventions but has mainly focused on women and children, while the elderly have been neglected. Even after taking nutritional programmes to national platforms, the sustainability question hovers in the policy makers’ minds. Advanced and novel steps should be taken to ensure the long-term viability of existing programs, which can serve as the foundation for new interventions for the new group. Public health should participate in the new schemes that are currently in place to achieve the other SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals), as the SDG 2030 agenda brings different opportunities to act against malnutrition.

Arterial hypertension in kidney transplantation: huge importance, but few answers / Hipertensão arterial no transplante renal: grande importância, mas poucas respostas

Abstract Arterial hypertension (AH) after renal transplantation (RTX) is correlated with worse cardiovascular and renal outcomes, with loss of renal function, decreased graft survival and higher mortality. RTX recipients have discrepant blood pressure (BP) values when measured in the office or by systematic methodologies, such as Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM), with significant prevalence of no nocturnal dipping or nocturnal hypertension, white coat hypertension and masked hypertension. The aim of the present study was to review the issue of hypertension in RTX, addressing its multifactorial pathophysiology and demonstrating the importance of ABPM as a tool for monitoring BP in these patients. Treatment is based on lifestyle changes and antihypertensive drugs, with calcium channel blockers considered first-line treatment. The best blood pressure target and treatment with more favorable outcomes in RTX are yet to be determined, through well-conducted scientific studies, that is, in terms of AH in RTX, we currently have more questions to answer than answers to give.

Resumo Hipertensão arterial (HA) no póstransplante renal (TXR) se correlaciona com piores desfechos cardiovasculares e renais, com perda de função renal, diminuição da sobrevida do enxerto e maior mortalidade. Receptores de TXR apresentam valores discrepantes de pressão arterial (PA) quando ela é obtida em consultório ou por metodologias sistematizadas, como a Monitorização Ambulatorial da PA (MAPA), com prevalências significantes de ausência de descenso noturno ou hipertensão noturna, hipertensão do avental branco e hipertensão mascarada. O objetivo do presente estudo foi rever a temática da hipertensão no TXR, abordando sua fisiopatologia multifatorial e demonstrando a importância da MAPA como ferramenta de acompanhamento da PA nesses pacientes. O tratamento é baseado em mudanças no estilo de vida e em fármacos anti-hipertensivos, sendo os bloqueadores de canais de cálcio considerados de primeira linha. A melhor meta pressórica e o tratamento com desfechos mais favoráveis no TXR ainda estão por ser determinados, por meio de estudos bem conduzidos cientificamente, ou seja, em termos de HA no TXR temos atualmente mais questões a responder do que respostas a dar.

Sistema de Monitoreo a la equidad territorial y avances en los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible en Colombia

Aunque el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio tuvo un balance positivo, con promedios nacionales que en general mejoraron, las desigualdades dentro de los países aumentaron. La agenda de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) busca promover avances en términos de equidad territorial, por esto la incorporación del espacio geográfico en su monitoreo a escalas subnacionales ofrece ventajas importantes. Este artículo tuvo como objetivo describir el Sistema de Monitoreo Territorial a los ODS3 (MOT-ODS3), una herramienta digital diseñada para incrementar la disponibilidad de información a nivel municipal sobre las desigualdades e inequidades territoriales relacionadas con la salud y el bienestar en Colombia. Para demostrar su funcionalidad se describen los componentes del Sistema, indicadores, mapas, gráficos y métricas de desigualdad utilizados, así como también los perfiles de país y departamento, diseñados para reportar los resultados del monitoreo. Como ejemplo práctico de la utilización del Sistema se analizan los indicadores de Colombia entre 2015 y 2017. Según el monitoreo, Colombia mostró mejoras en la salud y el bienestar de la población; sin embargo, se apreciaron diferencias notables intermunicipales en casi todos los indicadores y brechas territoriales en la mortalidad entre municipios ricos y pobres y entre la zona rural y la urbana. Puede decirse que el MOT-ODS3 incrementó la disponibilidad de información para estimular y apoyar el avance del país hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible.

Although compliance with the Millennium Development Goals had a positive balance, with national averages that generally improved, inequalities within countries increased. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agenda seeks to promote progress in terms of territorial equity, which is why the incorporation of geographic space in its monitoring at subnational scales offers important advantages. This article aimed to describe the Territorial Monitoring System for the SDGs3 (MOT-ODS3), a digital tool designed to increase the availability of information at the municipal level on territorial inequalities and inequities related to health and well-being in Colombia. To demonstrate its functionality, the components of the System, indicators, maps, graphs and inequality metrics used are described, as well as the country and departmental profiles designed to report monitoring results. As a practical example of the use of the System, the indicators for Colombia between 2015 and 2017 are analyzed. According to the monitoring, Colombia showed improvements in the health and well-being of the population; however, notable inter-municipal differences were seen in almost all indicators and territorial gaps in mortality between rich and poor municipalities and between rural and urban areas. It can be said that the MOT-ODS3 increased the availability of information to stimulate and support the country's progress towards the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.

Los objetivos de la investigación

Introducción: Un objetivo, es la intención explícita de un investigador de alcanzar un resultado a lo largo de una investigación, son decisivos en un estudio investigativo pues constituyen el eje en torno al cual se diseña la estructura del estudio. Objetivo: Brindar información sobre la redacción de los objetivos en los trabajos de investigación. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en las bases de datos TESEO, PubMed, Scopus, Latindex, SciELO, Redalycs, Hinari y Dialnet, donde se encontraron documentos que trataron el tema relacionado con los objetivos. Resultados: Se hace referencia a la definición, características, tipos y estructura de los objetivos de investigación, la importancia del alcance de la investigación en su formulación, relación de los objetivos con el problema y el título. Por último, se señalan los errores frecuentes que se repiten en la redacción de los objetivos. Se localizaron 28 publicaciones y se seleccionaron 23 que se consideraron relevantes para la revisión. Se consideró relevante a las publicaciones efectuadas en los últimos cinco años y aquellas que abordaron el tema a profundidad. Conclusiones: Los objetivos son decisivos en un estudio investigativo, su correcta formulación evita desviaciones del proceso y facilita la solución al problema que se investiga.

Introduction: Objectives are an important component to support and guide the implementation of a research proposal. Objective: To provide information about on the most important aspects to writing research objectives. Methods: A review of literature was done in the main database focused aspects related to writing research objectives. Results: Reference is made to definition, components, characteristics, types, and prioritization of research objectives, and the relationship between the research problem, objectives and title. Finally, it was pointed the frequent errors that are repeated in the writing of the objectives. Twenty-eight publications were located and 23 that were considered relevant to the review were selected. Publications made in the last five years and those that addressed the subject in depth were considered relevant. Conclusions: The objectives are decisive in an investigative study, their correct formulation avoids deviations from the process and facilitates the solution to the problem under investigation.

Predictive Potential of Motivation to Learn in the use of Learning Strategies / Potencial Preditivo da Motivação para Aprender no Uso das Estratégias de Aprendizagem

Abstract This paper investigates motivation to learn and learning strategies in a sample of 353 Brazilian students in elementary and secondary education. Data were collected through the Motivation to learn scale and two Learning Strategies Assessment Scales, one for elementary school and another for high school. Learning goals and use of metacognitive strategies were predominant in the sample. Significant positive and negative correlations between the subscales were found. Two models emerged explaining 33% and 37% of the variance in the use of learning strategies that can be attributed to motivation to learn factors. The study underscores the importance of motivation to learn for engaging students in strategic behavior.

Resumo O artigo investigou a motivação para aprender e as estratégias de aprendizagem em uma amostra de 353 estudantes do ensino fundamental e médio brasileiro. Foram utilizadas a Escala de avaliação da motivação para a aprendizagem e uma Escala de Avaliação das Estratégias de Aprendizagem para o Ensino Fundamental e outra para o Ensino Médio. A Meta Aprender e as estratégias metacognitivas foram predominantes na amostra. Foram encontradas correlações positivas e negativas significativas entre as subescalas e emergiram dois modelos que explicaram 33% e 37% da variância no uso de estratégias de aprendizagem que podem ser atribuídos aos fatores da motivação. O estudo reforçou a importância da motivação para aprender no engajamento dos estudantes em comportamentos estratégicos.

Effects of goals-activity-motor enrichment therapy on gross and fine motor function in infants at high risk of cerebral palsy / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To explore the effects of goals-activity-motor enrichment(GAME) therapy on the function of gross and fine motion in infants at high risk of cerebral palsy.Methods:Prospective study.A total of 116 children at high risk of cerebral palsy who met the inclusion criteria and were admitted to the Rehabilitation Department of Qingdao Women and Children′s Hospital from November 2017 to November 2019 were selected in a randomized, single-blind, controlled trial, and randomly divided into control group (58 cases) and observation group (58 cases) according to the random number table method.The two groups were then divided into mild group, moderate group and severe group according to the gross motor quotient(GMQ) of Peabody Motor Development Scale-2 (PDMS-2). During treatment, 4 cases of shedding occurred in the control group and 8 cases in the observation group, respectively.Finally, 54 cases were included in the control group and 50 cases in the observation group.The control group was given regular early intervention rehabilitation, whereas the observation group was given GAME treatment.The Gross Motor Function Measure-88 (GMFM-88), the GMQ of PDMS-2 and the fine motor quotient (FMQ) of PDMS-2 were used to assess the motor function of children before intervention and after 12 weeks of treatment.The Chi- square test or Fisher′ s exact test was used to compare gender-specific data, while the t-test was used to compare age-specific data and rehabilitation evaluation indices. Results:The GMFM-88 scores, GMQ, and FMQ of children in both groups improved significantly after treatment, and the difference was statistically significant [control group GMFM-88: (63.52±10.06) scores vs.(47.02±8.19) scores, t=-19.770, GMQ: 83.02±15.52 vs.73.56±14.72, t=-18.180, FMQ: 81.19±14.88 vs.71.22±13.92, t=-18.413, all P<0.05; observation group GMFM-88: (68.06±10.82) scores vs.(46.16±8.73) scores, t=-32.856, GMQ: 89.98±18.10 vs.72.94±13.84, t=-17.089, FMQ: 88.34±18.08 vs.72.26±13.74, t=-15.370, all P<0.05], and the GMFM-88, GMQ, and FMQ scores of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group after treatment, with statistically significant differences(GMFM-88: t=-2.176, GMQ: t=-2.111, FMQ: t=-2.210, all P<0.05). In the observation group, the added value score and quotient of mild group and moderate group were significantly increased compared with that of severe group, and the differences were statistically significant [GMFM-88 added value: the mild group (24.11±3.36) scores and moderate group (22.91±3.46) scores were compared with the severe group (15.70±4.08) scores, t=5.881, 5.164, all P<0.05, GMQ added value: the mild group (19.61±6.83) and moderate group (18.27±6.61) were compared with the severe group (9.80±4.29), t=4.098, 3.915, all P<0.05, the added value of FMQ: mild group (18.72±7.11) and moderate group (17.36±6.10) were compared with severe group (8.50±5.82), t=3.873, 3.863, all P<0.05]. Conclusions:GAME treatment is more effective than early rehabilitation training at improving gross and fine motor function in infants at high risk of cerebral palsy.Its benefits on mild and moderate infants at high risk of cerebral palsy are superior.

Contribution and Challenges of Community Health Workers in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals

Background: Community health workers (CHWs) are a renewed focus in the 2030 SDGs. CHWs support equitable coverage for preventive, promotive, and curative services as healthcare partners. This study aimed to identify the challenges of CHWs in achieving SDGs. Methods: We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Web of Science, etc., for the published articles between 2015 to 2022. Twenty publications and WHO documents met the inclusion criteria and were analysed and used in the study. Results: Findings shows that CHWs are valuable and cost-effective and have the potential to help achieve several SDGs. The top 10 issues faced by CHWs were listed in the research, including Lack of ad-vancement chances, Excessive workload, Insufficient pay, Insufficient staff, Poor management culture, Lack of supervision, Poor interpersonal relationship with supervisors, limited access to technology, A lack of training and Reduced patient care time. The article also proposes critical activities to assist CHWs in achieving the SDGs. Conclusions: CHWs are essential in health care delivery and help expand preventative, promotive, and curative services. Regular evaluation of CHWs' performance is critical for creating health policy and sys-tem support that optimizes the utilization of CHWs for SGDs.

Igualdade de gênero dos ODM aos ODS: avaliações feministas / Igualdad de género de los ODM a los ODS: análisis feministas / Gender equality from the MDGs to the SDGs: a feminist analysis

Resumo Há décadas, o feminismo impulsiona uma agenda de igualdade de gênero nas políticas de desenvolvimento. Os feminismos decolonial e interseccional, por exemplo, têm invocado uma agenda antirracista e anticolonial. As demandas das mulheres têm encontrado diferentes graus de incorporação em planos internacionais, como os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio (ODM) e os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS). Nesse cenário, este trabalho comparou a igualdade de gênero nos ODM e nos ODS para analisar seus avanços e desafios frente à agenda da transversalidade de gênero e a demandas interseccionais e decoloniais. Para isso, foi realizada pesquisa documental sobre objetivos, metas e resultados dos ODM e objetivos e metas dos ODS. Os resultados indicam que os ODS avançam por serem mais ambiciosos que os ODM e por adotarem abordagem mais abrangente e mais transversal sobre a igualdade de gênero. Entretanto, há importantes lacunas quanto à operacionalização de uma análise das desigualdades de gênero que considere as intersecções das distintas formas de discriminação que afetam os diferentes grupos de mulheres.

Resumen Durante décadas, el feminismo ha impulsado una agenda de igualdad de género en las políticas de desarrollo. Los feminismos decoloniales e interseccionales, por ejemplo, han impulsado una agenda antirracista y anticolonial. Las demandas de las mujeres han encontrado diferentes grados de incorporación en los planes internacionales, como los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM) y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). En este escenario, este trabajo comparó la igualdad de género en los ODM y los ODS para analizar sus avances y desafíos frente a la agenda de transversalización de género y las demandas interseccionales y decoloniales. Para ello se realizó una investigación documental sobre objetivos, metas y resultados de los ODM y objetivos y metas de los ODS. Los resultados indican que los ODS avanzan por ser más ambiciosos que los ODM y por adoptar un enfoque más amplio y transversal de la igualdad de género. Sin embargo, existen vacíos importantes en la operacionalización de un abordaje de las desigualdades de género que considere las intersecciones de las distintas formas de discriminación que afectan a distintos grupos de mujeres.

Abstract For decades, feminism has driven a gender equality agenda in development policies. Decolonial and intersectional feminisms, for example, have played an anti-racist and anti-colonial agenda. Women's demands have found different degrees of incorporation into international plans, such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this scenario, this work compared gender equality in the MDGs and the SDGs to analyze their advances and challenges in the face of the gender mainstreaming agenda and intersectional and decolonial demands. Documental research was carried out on the objectives, targets, and results of the MDGs and the objectives and targets of the SDGs. The results indicate that the SDGs are more ambitious than the MDGs by adopting a broader and more transversal approach to gender equality. However, there are important gaps in operationalizing an approach to gender inequalities that considers the intersections of different forms of discrimination that affect different groups of women.

The 3 × 2 Achievement Goal Questionnaire-Argentine (3 × 2 AGQ-AR): Adaptation, Factor Structure and Internal Consistency

This research examined the adaptation, validity and reliability of the 3 × 2 Achievement Goal Questionnaire (Elliot, Murayama, & Pekrun, 2011) in a sample of Argentine university students. A direct translation into Spanish was made and its equivalence was analyzed in a bilingual sample. The correlations between the original and translated versions of the scales were moderate and high (.53 to .93). In two instances, evidence of the factor structure of the instrument was provided by confirmatory factor analysis and the internal consistency was examined by the coefficients alpha and omega. The fit indexes support the proposed 3 × 2 goal model (S-B χ 2 /df = 1.39, p < .001, CFI = .99, RMSEA (IC 95) = .04 (.02-.06)) and were superior to ten alternative models. The internal consistency of each scale was very good (.80 to .96) and similar to that of the original research.

Este trabajo evaluó la adaptación, validez y confiabilidad del Cuestionario de metas de logro 3 × 2 (Elliot et al., 2011) en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios argentinos. Se realizó una traducción directa al español y se analizó su equivalencia en una muestra bilingüe. Las correlaciones entre las versiones original y traducida de las escalas fueron moderadas y altas (.53 a .93). En dos instancias, se proveyó evidencia de la estructura factorial del instrumento mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio y se examinó la consistencia interna a través de los coeficientes alfa y omega. Los índices de ajuste apoyaron el modelo propuesto de metas 3 × 2 (S-B χ 2 /df = 1.39, p < .001, CFI = .99, RMSEA (IC 95) = .04 (.02-.06)) y fueron superiores a diez modelos alternativos. La consistencia interna de cada escala fue muy buena (.80 a .96) y similar a la de la investigación original.

Este trabalho avaliou a adaptação, validade e confiabilidade do questionário de metas de realização 3 × 2 (Elliot et al., 2011) em uma amostra de estudantes universitários argentinos. Foi realizada tradução direta para o espanhol e sua equivalência analisada em uma amostra bilíngue. As correlações entre as versões original e traduzida das escalas foram moderadas e altas (.53 a .93). Em dois casos, a evidência da estrutura fatorial do instrumento foi fornecida por análise fatorial confirmatória e a consistência interna foi examinada por meio dos coeficientes alfa e ômega. Os índices de ajuste apoiaram o modelo de metas 3 × 2 proposto (S-B χ 2 /df = 1.39, p < .001, CFI = .99, RMSEA (IC 95) = .04 (.02-.06)) e foram superiores a dez modelos alternativos. A consistência interna de cada escala foi muito boa (.80 a .96) e semelhante à da pesquisa original.

School motivation: theoretical approaches to the learning process / Motivação escolar: abordagens teóricas do processo de aprendizagem / Motivación escolar: aproximaciones teóricas al proceso de aprendizaje

Abstract The present theoretical reflection attempts to find out to what extent motivation can influence the student´s learning processes. To this end, the links between the most important theoretical models - the Theory of Attribution of Causality, the Theory of Self-determination, and the Theory of Achievement Goals - are established. Students' participation in school content depends on various factors that are individually and contextually related to motivation. prevailing cognitive theories of motivation stimulate and guide the study of the individual's beliefs, values, and emotions since they consider these variables to be mediators of behaviour and have a strong influence on the motivation process. From a literature review, it is important to bear in mind that motivation in the school context has been assessed as a critical determinant of the level and quality of learning and performance. It can also be concluded that the relationship between learning and motivation goes beyond any established assumption, it is reciprocal and therefore motivation can influence learning and performance in the same way that learning can interfere with motivation. In consequence, a change of school practices is essential, promoting students' involvement in the learning process through challenging tasks, engaging students in appropriate strategies, and striving to develop new comprehension and proficiency skills. Some guidelines for educational practice are indicated.

Resumo Esta reflexão teórica procura saber até que ponto a motivação pode influenciar os processos de aprendizagem dos alunos, estabelecendo os pontos de ligação entre os modelos teóricos mais importantes - a Teoria da Atribuição de Causalidade, a Teoria da Autodeterminação e a Teoria das Metas de Realização. A participação dos alunos nos conteúdos escolares depende de vários fatores que estão individual e contextualmente relacionados à motivação. As recorrentes teorias cognitivas da motivação estimulam e orientam o estudo das crenças, valores e emoções do indivíduo, uma vez que consideram essas variáveis como mediadoras do comportamento e têm forte influência no processo de motivação. Da análise da literatura, fica claro que é importante ter em mente que a motivação no contexto escolar tem sido avaliada como um determinante crítico do nível e da qualidade da aprendizagem e do desempenho. A partir disso, pode-se concluir também que a relação entre aprendizagem e motivação vai além de qualquer suposição estabelecida de que seja recíproca e, portanto, a motivação pode influenciar a aprendizagem e o desempenho da mesma forma que a aprendizagem pode interferir na motivação. Assim, é imprescindível uma mudança de prática nas escolas, promovendo o envolvimento dos alunos no processo de aprendizagem através de tarefas desafiadoras, usando estratégias apropriadas e procurando desenvolver novas habilidades de compreensão e domínio. São indicadas algumas orientações para a prática educativa.

Resumen Esta reflexión teórica busca conocer en qué medida la motivación puede influir en los procesos de aprendizaje de los estudiantes, estableciendo los puntos de conexión entre los modelos teóricos más importantes - la Teoría de la Atribución de Causalidad, la Teoría de la Autodeterminación y la Teoría de las Metas de Logro. La participación de los estudiantes en los contenidos escolares depende de varios factores que se relacionan individual y contextualmente con la motivación. Las teorías cognitivas recurrentes de la motivación estimulan y orientan el estudio de las creencias, valores y emociones del individuo, ya que consideran estas variables como mediadoras de la conducta y con fuerte influencia en el proceso de motivación. A partir de una revisión de la literatura, se desprende que es importante tener en cuenta que la motivación en el contexto escolar ha sido valorada como un determinante crítico del nivel y la calidad del aprendizaje y del rendimiento. También se puede concluir que la relación entre aprendizaje y motivación va más allá de cualquier suposición establecida de que es recíproca y, por lo tanto, la motivación puede influir en el aprendizaje y el desempeño de la misma manera que el aprendizaje puede interferir en la motivación. Por lo tanto, un cambio de práctica en las escuelas es esencial, promoviendo la participación de los estudiantes en el proceso de aprendizaje a través de tareas desafiantes, utilizando estrategias adecuadas y buscando desarrollar nuevas habilidades de comprensión y dominio. Se indican algunas pautas para la práctica educativa.